Haemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels located in the lower rectum or anus. There are two types:

1. Internal haemorrhoids: These are located inside the rectum and are not usually visible. They may cause painless bleeding when they swell and burst.
2. External haemorrhoids: These develop under the skin around the anus and can cause pain, itching, and discomfort when swollen or irritated.

Why Does Haemorrhoids Happen?

The exact cause of haemorrhoids is not well understood, but several factors can contribute to their development:

• Chronic constipation or diarrhoea: Straining during bowel movements can increase pressure in the veins in the rectal area.
• Pregnancy: Increased blood flow and pressure from the growing uterus can lead to haemorrhoids.
• Obesity: Extra weight can put pressure on the veins in the rectal area.
• Age: The tissues supporting the veins in the rectum can weaken with age, making haemorrhoids more likely.
• Prolonged sitting: Particularly on the toilet, can increase pressure in the veins of the lower rectum.

When Does Haemorrhoids Occur?

Haemorrhoids can occur at any age but are most common in people over 50. They may become more common during pregnancy or after childbirth. Symptoms usually appear when there is increased pressure in the veins of the rectum, such as during bowel movements, straining, or sitting for long periods.

How to Treat Haemorrhoids

Treatment for haemorrhoids depends on the severity of symptoms. Most cases can be managed with self-care measures, but some may require medical treatment:

Avoid heavy lifting: Lifting heavy objects can increase pressure on the haemorrhoids.

Self-care measures:

Dietary changes:

High-fibre diet: Eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help soften stools and reduce straining during bowel movements.

Hydration: Drinking plenty of water helps to prevent constipation.

Avoid straining: Using laxatives sparingly and not straining during bowel movements can prevent haemorrhoids from worsening.

Regular exercise: Maintaining a healthy weight and regular physical activity can help prevent haemorrhoids by reducing pressure on the rectal veins.

Over-the-counter treatments:

Topical creams or ointments: These can help reduce swelling, itching, and discomfort.

Wipes and pads: Designed to soothe the area and provide relief from itching.

Minimally invasive procedures:

Rubber band ligation: A small rubber band is placed around the base of the haemorrhoid, cutting off its blood supply and causing it to shrink and fall off.

Sclerotherapy: A chemical solution is injected into the haemorrhoid, causing it to shrink.

Infrared coagulation: Using infrared light to shrink the haemorrhoid.

Cryotherapy: Freezing the haemorrhoid with liquid nitrogen.

Surgery:

Haemorrhoidectomy: The most severe cases may require surgical removal of the haemorrhoids. This procedure involves cutting out the haemorrhoids and is usually performed under anaesthesia.

Lifestyle adjustments:

Sitz baths: Soaking in warm water can help relieve pain and itching.

Avoid sitting for long periods: Prolonged sitting can put pressure on the rectal veins and worsen symptoms.

Other Resources:

• https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hemorrhoids-basics
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29431977/
• https://www.healthline.com/health/hemorrhoids
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhoid