Iron deficiency anaemia is a condition where the body lacks sufficient iron to produce enough haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. This leads to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and paleness.
Why Does Iron Deficiency Anaemia Happen?
Iron deficiency anaemia can occur due to a variety of reasons:
- Insufficient dietary intake: Not getting enough iron from food, especially in those who have a poor diet lacking in iron-rich foods (e.g., meat, legumes, dark leafy vegetables).
- Increased iron requirements: During pregnancy, growth spurts in children, and adolescence when iron needs are higher.
- Malabsorption: Conditions like coeliac disease, gastric bypass surgery, or chronic diarrhoea can impair iron absorption in the intestines.
- Blood loss: Chronic blood loss due to conditions such as heavy menstruation, peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, or other medical conditions can deplete iron stores.
- Inability to absorb iron: Some genetic conditions, such as thalassemia, can lead to impaired haemoglobin production and iron deficiency.
When Does Iron Deficiency Anaemia Occur?
Iron deficiency anaemia can develop over time if iron intake is insufficient or if there is significant blood loss. It is more common in:
- Women of childbearing age due to menstruation.
- Pregnant women who require additional iron for both themselves and the growing fetus.
- Children and adolescents during periods of rapid growth.
- People with chronic illnesses or gastrointestinal disorders that affect nutrient absorption.
How to Treat Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Treatment focuses on replenishing iron stores and addressing the underlying cause:
- Dietary changes:
- Increase intake of iron-rich foods (e.g., red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, nuts, fortified cereals).
- Enhance absorption by consuming foods high in vitamin C (e.g., citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli) with meals.
- Iron supplements:
- Oral iron supplements (e.g., ferrous sulfate) are commonly prescribed to replenish iron levels.
- In severe cases, intravenous iron may be administered.
- Address underlying causes:
- Treat any identified source of chronic blood loss (e.g., peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal polyps, heavy menstruation) through medical intervention or surgery.
- Manage medical conditions that affect iron absorption, such as coeliac disease or Crohn’s disease, with appropriate treatment plans.
- Regular monitoring:
- Periodic blood tests to monitor haemoglobin and iron levels to ensure treatment is effective and adjust doses as needed.
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